Class 10 NCERT Science notes -All Chapters

1. Chemical Reactions and Equations

Chemical equations and balancing, types of reactions (combination, decomposition, displacement, double displacement, precipitation), exothermic and endothermic reactions, oxidation and reduction

2. Acids, Bases and Salts

Acids and bases, indicators, chemical properties, neutralisation, the pH scale and its importance, and the preparation and uses of sodium hydroxide, bleaching powder, baking soda, washing soda and plaster of Paris

3. Metals and Non-metals

Properties of metals and non-metals, the reactivity series, ionic compounds, basic metallurgical processes, corrosion and its prevention

4. Carbon and its Compounds

Covalent bonds, the versatile nature of carbon, hydrocarbons, homologous series, nomenclature, chemical properties (combustion, oxidation, addition, substitution), ethanol and ethanoic acid (properties and uses), soaps and detergents

5. Life Processes

The basic concept of nutrition, respiration, transport and excretion in plants and animals

6. Control and Coordination

Tropic movements and plant hormones, the nervous system, voluntary, involuntary and reflex action, and animal hormones

7. How do Organisms Reproduce?

Asexual and sexual reproduction in animals and plants, reproductive health, family planning, safe sex and HIV/AIDS, and child bearing and women’s health

8. Heredity

Mendel’s contribution and the laws of inheritance, and a brief introduction to sex determination. The topics on evolution are assessed through the internal assessment, and not in the year-end paper

13. Our Environment

Ecosystem, environmental problems, ozone depletion, waste production and its solutions, biodegradable and non-biodegradable substances

9. Light – Reflection and Refraction

Reflection by curved surfaces, images formed by spherical mirrors, the mirror formula and magnification, laws of refraction, refractive index, spherical lenses, the lens formula and power (derivations are not required)

10. The Human Eye and the Colourful World

The lens in the human eye, defects of vision and their correction, applications of mirrors and lenses, refraction through a prism, dispersion and scattering of light (the colour of the Sun at sunrise and sunset is not in the syllabus)

11. Electricity

Electric current, potential difference, Ohm’s law, resistance and resistivity, series and parallel combinations of resistors, heating effect of current, electric power and the relation between P, V, I and R

12. Magnetic Effects of Electric Current

Magnetic field lines, the field due to a current, force on a conductor, Fleming’s left-hand rule, direct current, alternating current and its frequency, the advantage of AC over DC, and domestic electric circuits. The electric motor, electromagnetic induction and the generator are assessed through internal assessment, and not in the year-end paper

Theory paper

80 marks, 3 hours

Internal assessment

20 marks: periodic assessment 5, multiple assessment 5, portfolio 5 and subject enrichment (practical work) 5

Total

100 marks

Question types

Very short answer questions (including objective and assertion–reasoning questions), short answer, long answer and source-based, case-based, passage-based or integrated assessment questions, with an internal choice of about 33%

Competencies in the theory paper

Knowledge and understanding 50%, application of knowledge and concepts 30%, and formulate, analyse, evaluate and create 20%

I. Chemical Substances: Nature and Behaviour

1 to 4

25

II. World of Living

5 to 8

25

III. Natural Phenomena

9 and 10

12

IV. Effects of Current

11 and 12

13

V. Natural Resources

13

5

Theory total

80

Mirror formula

$\dfrac{1}{v} + \dfrac{1}{u} = \dfrac{1}{f}$

Magnification (mirror)

$m = \dfrac{h'}{h} = -\dfrac{v}{u}$

Lens formula

$\dfrac{1}{v} - \dfrac{1}{u} = \dfrac{1}{f}$

Power of a lens

$P = \dfrac{1}{f\ (\text{in metres})}$ (unit: dioptre)

Ohm’s law

$V = IR$

Resistance of a wire

$R = \rho\dfrac{l}{A}$

Resistors in series

$R_s = R_1 + R_2 + R_3$

Resistors in parallel

$\dfrac{1}{R_p} = \dfrac{1}{R_1} + \dfrac{1}{R_2} + \dfrac{1}{R_3}$

Heating effect

$H = I^{2}Rt$

Electric power

$P = VI = I^{2}R = \dfrac{V^{2}}{R}$

Chemistry (Chapters 1 to 4)

Balanced equations, the reactivity series, properties of acids, bases and carbon compounds

Write the equations without looking, and balance five new equations every day

Biology (Chapters 5 to 8 and 13)

Definitions, flow charts and labelled diagrams

Redraw the diagrams, and answer the “Why” and “How” questions in the exercises

Physics (Chapters 9 to 12)

Formulas, sign convention, ray diagrams and circuit rules

Solve numericals of every type, and always write the formula, the substitution and the unit