NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology chapter 14 Respiration in Plants PDF

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Download NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology chapter 14 Respiration in Plants PDF

Question 1: Differentiate between

(a) Respiration and Combustion

(b) Glycolysis and Krebs' cycle

(c) Aerobic respiration and Fermentation

Solution. (a) Respiration and combustion

(b) Glycolysis and Krebs cycle

Question 2: What are respiratory substrates? Name the most common respiratory substrate.

Solution. The compounds oxidised during the process of respiration are called respiratory substrates. Carbohydrates, especially glucose, act as respiratory substrates. Fats, proteins, and organic acids also act as respiratory substrates.

Question 3: Give the schematic representation of glycolysis?

Solution.

Question 4: What are the main steps in aerobic respiration? Where does it take place?

Solution. The major steps in aerobic respiration and the sites where they occur are listed in the given table.

Question 5: Give the schematic representation of an overall view of Krebs cycle.

Solution.

Question 6: Explain ETS.

Solution. ETS or electron transport system is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane. It helps in releasing and utilizing the energy stored in $\mathrm{NADH}+\mathrm{H}^{+}$and $\mathrm{FADH}_{2}$. NADH which is formed during gly and citric acid cycle, gets oxidized by NADH dehydrogenase (complex 1). The electrons so generated get transferred to ubiquinone through FMN. In a similar manner, FADH (complex II) qenerater citric acid ate fransferrer to ubicuinone. The electrons from ubiquinone are received by cytochrome $\mathrm{bc}_{1}$ (complex III) and further get transferred to cytochrome c. The cytochrome $\mathrm{c}$ acte bile and cytochrome co oxidase comnlex containino cutochrome a and $a_{3}$ alona with conner $c$

During the transfer of electrons from each complex, the process is accompanied by the production of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate by the action ATP synthase (complex $\mathbf{V}$ ). The amount of ATP produced depends on the molecule, which has been oxidized. 2 ATP molecules are

produced by the oxidation of one molecule of NADH. One molecule of FADH $_{2}$, on oxidation, gives 3 ATP molecules

Question 7: Distinguish between the following:

(a) Aerobic respiration and Anaerobic respiration

(b) Glycolysis and Fermentation

(c) Glycolysis and Citric acid Cycle

Solution. (a) Aerobic respiration and Anaerobic respiration

(b) Glycolysis and Fermentation

Question 8: What are the assumptions made during the calculation of net gain of ATP?

Solution. For theoretical calculation of ATP molecules, various assumptions are made, which are as follows.

(a) It is assumed that various parts of aerobic respiration such as glycolysis, TCA cycle, and ETS occur in a sequential and orderly pathway.

(b) NADH produced during the process of glycolysis enters into mitochondria to undergo oxidative phosphorylation.

(c) Glucose molecule is assumed to be the only substrate while it is assumed that no other molecule enters the pathway at intermediate stages.

(d) The intermediates produced during respiration are not utilized in any other process.

Question 9: Discuss “The respiratory pathway is an amphibolic pathway.”

Solution. Respiration is generally assumed to be a catabolic process because during respiration, various substrates are broken down for deriving energy. Carbohydrates are broken down to glucose before entering respiratory pathways. Fats get converted into fatty acids and glycerol whereas fatty acids get converted into acetyl CoA before entering the respiration. In a similar manner, proteins are converted into amino acids. which enter respiration after deamination

Therefore, respiration can be termed as amphibolic pathway as it involves both anabolism and catabolism.

Question 10: Define RQ. What is its value for fats?

Solution. Respiratory quotient $(\mathrm{RQ})$ or respiratory ratio can be defined as the ratio of the volume of $\mathrm{CO}_{2}$ evolved to the volume of $\mathrm{O}_{2}$ consumed during respiration. The value of respiratory quotient depends on the type of respiratory substrate. Its value is one for carbohydrates. However, it is always less than one for fats as fats consume more oxygen for respiration than carbohydrates

It can be illustrated through the example of tripalmitin fatty acid, which consumes 145 molecules of $\mathrm{O}_{2}$ for respiration while 102 molecules of $\mathrm{CO}_{2}$ are evolved. The $\mathrm{RQ}$ value for tripalmitin is $0.7$.

Question 11: What is oxidative phosphorylation?

Solution. Oxidative phosphorylation is a process in which electrons are transferred from electron donors to oxygen, which acts as electron acceptor. The oxidation-reduction reactions are involved in the formation proton gradient. The main role in oxidative phosphorylation is played by the enzyme ATP synthase (complex $\mathrm{V}$ ). This enzyme complex consists of $\mathrm{F}_{0}$ and $\mathrm{F}_{1}$ components. The $\mathrm{F}_{1}$ headpiece is a periphera orotein complex and contains the site for ATP synthesis from ADP and inorganic phosphate. $\mathrm{F}_{0}$ component is a part of membrane protein complex, which acts as a channel for crossing of the protons from inner

mitochondrial membrane to the mitochondrial matrix. For every two protons passing through $\mathrm{F}_{0}-\mathrm{F}_{1}$ complex, synthesis of one ATP molecule take

Question 12: What is the significance of step-wise release of energy in respiration?

Solution. The process of aerobic respiration is divided into four phases - glycolysis, TCA cycle, ETS, and oxidative phosphorylation. It is generally assumed that the process of respiration and production of ATP in each 'ase takes place in a step-wise manner. The product of one pathway forms the substrate of the other pathway. Various molecules produced during respiration are involved in other biochemical processes. iratory substrates enter and withdraw from pathway on necessity. ATP gets utilized wherever required and enzymatic rates are generally controlled. Thus, the step-wise release of energy makes the phase takcol The respiratol stem more efficient in extracting and storing energy

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology chapter 14 Respiration in Plants PDF - eSaral